Showing posts with label of. Show all posts
Showing posts with label of. Show all posts
Wednesday, March 18, 2015
THE QUESTIONS OF YAKSHA
[ The questions asked by Yaksha to Yudhishthira (Dharma) regarding religious problems, are one of the salient features of Mahabharata. Here is given the short story with full list of the questions and answers, for the benefit of the readers of our Shri Sai Leela Magazine. —Editor ]
After leaving Kamyaka forest, the Pandavas again returned to Dwaita forest. There, in order to catch a deer which had run away with the piece of wood used by a Brahmin in the sacrificial processes, and which was a necessity for him, the Pandavas, on being requested by him, took each his bow and arrow and went into deep forest. While traversing the length and breadth of the forest, they could not come upon the swiftest deer. Tired and thirsty, they searched for some water source. Dharma, resting under a tree with his brothers, sent Nakula to the lake which was seen from the tree-top. Nakula was to bring water for all the brothers. Proceeding to the precincts of the lake, he reached down for having a sip of the waters when from the space, a voice announced " Oh, Nakula ! Do not make haste. This lake is belonging to me. You have first to answer my questions fully and correctly and then only you can drink of these pure waters. " Nakula however neglected the warning and drank the water. No sooner did he take one sip, than he fell lifeless on the bank.
After awaiting his return for some time, Dharma directed Sahadeva, Arjuna and Bheema by turns as the former did not return in time, but unfortunately, all the four brothers did not pay heed to the warning of Yaksha and all were dead.
Dharma, waiting for long minutes, himself ran down to the lake and to his great sorrow, saw the bodies of his dear brothers lying motionless on the bank. He wondered and went nearer the bank. The Yakshas warning echoed again. " Oh Dharma ! I am a crane ! This is my lake. First answer my questions satisfactorily and take a sip, otherwise, be dead just as your brothers. "
Dharma was knowing the nuances of religion. Before taking benefit of anybodys property, one has to fulfil certain conditions and take his permission. One cannot trespass and usurp anybody of his ownership or possession. Dharma was very polite, He said, " You do not seem to be a bird. You must be an angel of some high order like Rudra, Vasu or Marut (The angles of Fire, Earth or Air). Please let me have your Darshan. I will try to answer your questions according to my ability.
Yaksha was waiting for such a man. He asked Dharma many questions and Dharma replied all :
Yaksha-Prashnas
Question : What makes the Sun rise ?
Answer : Brahman.
Q — Who are His companions ?
A — Hosts of Devas.
Q — Who makes the Sun set ?
A — Dharma- The Universal Law.
Q — In what is the Sun established ?
A — In Truth.
Q — What makes a man Shrotriya ?
A — By Shrutees ( Vedas).
Q — By what a person attains Mahat abode ?
A — By Penance.
Q — What makes a man " accompanied by second ? "
A — By Courage.
Q — What gives a man intelligence ?
A — Serving the elders.
Q — In Brahmins, what is divinity and what is human quality ? What is saintly practice and what is evil practice for them ?
A :— To learn Vedas is divinity, to perform penance .is saintliness, to sacrifice is their human quality and to blame others is evil for them.
Q :— What are similar qualities for Kshatriyas ?
A : For Kshatriyas, Archery is divinity, Yadnya is saintliness, Fear is their human quality and " Not to protect the poor " is evil for them.
Q. Who is dead though living, enjoying sense- perceptions, intelligent and respected by all ?
A :--- One who does not feed the angels and gods, the guests, the servants, the mother and father as also his own soul, is verily dead though breathing.
Q :— What is greater than the Earth ? Higher than the Sky ?
Faster than Wind and numerous than grass-blades ?
A :— Mother is greater than the Earth. Father is higher than the sky; Mind is faster than wind and worries are more numerous than blades of grass !
Q ;— Who is a friend to travellers in foreign countries ?
Who is a friend to house-dweller ?
Who is a friend to a sufferer and who is a friend to a man on death bed ? A :— Co-travellers are friends in foreign land, wife to the house-dweller, doctor to the sufferer and surely, ‘charity is the friend to the dying man.
Q :— Who is guest to all ? What is eternal religion ? What is nectar ? What is in short all this world ?
A :— Fire is guest to all. Unchangeable tenements of religion is the eternal religion, the cows milk is the nectar and this world, in short, is like wind.
Q — Who travels alone ?
A — The sun.
Q — Who is born again after once being born ?
A — The moon ?
Q — What is medicine for cold ?
A — Warmth of fire.
Q — Which is the largest place ?
A — The Earth.
Q — What are the main abodes of religion, success, heaven and happiness.
A — Carefulness, charity, thruth and culture (good morals) are the main abodes respectively. Q — What is the soul of man, friend of man, source of livelihood and his last resort ?
A :— Son is his soul, wife is the ordained friend and compa nion, the cloud is source of livelihood and Dana ( charity ) is his last resort.
Q :— What is best : (1) quality in auspicious persons, (2) possession, (3) benefit and (4) happiness ?
A :— Awareness is the best quality of auspicious persons, scientific knowledge is best possession; good health is best benefit and contenment is best happiness.
Q :— What is the highest religion in society ? What reli gion gives lasting benefit ? What thing if controlled, does not bring in sorrow ? Whose agreement remains valid ?
A :— Pity, the religion laid down in Vedas, the mind under control and agreement with gentleman are the answers to these four questions.
Q :— Giving up of what (1) makes a man popular ? (2) makes him self-contained, (3) makes him free from sorrow and (4) makes him happy ?
A :— Renounce conceit to become popular, desire for being self-contained, anger to be free of sorrow and envy for happiness. [ The questions asked by Yaksha to Yudhishthira (Dharma) regarding religious problems, are one of the salient features of Mahabharata. Here is given the short story with full list of the questions and answers, for the benefit of the readers of our Shri Sai Leela Magazine. —Editor ]After leaving Kamyaka forest, the Pandavas again returned to Dwaita forest. There, in order to catch a deer which had run away with the piece of wood used by a Brahmin in the sacrificial processes, and which was a necessity for him, the Pandavas, on being requested by him, took each his bow and arrow and went into deep forest. While traversing the length and breadth of the forest, they could not come upon the swiftest deer. Tired and thirsty, they searched for some water source. Dharma, resting under a tree with his brothers, sent Nakula to the lake which was seen from the tree-top. Nakula was to bring water for all the brothers. Proceeding to the precincts of the lake, he reached down for having a sip of the waters when from the space, a voice announced " Oh, Nakula ! Do not make haste. This lake is belonging to me. You have first to answer my questions fully and correctly and then only you can drink of these pure waters. " Nakula however neglected the warning and drank the water. No sooner did he take one sip, than he fell lifeless on the bank.After awaiting his return for some time, Dharma directed Sahadeva, Arjuna and Bheema by turns as the former did not return in time, but unfortunately, all the four brothers did not pay heed to the warning of Yaksha and all were dead.Dharma, waiting for long minutes, himself ran down to the lake and to his great sorrow, saw the bodies of his dear brothers lying motionless on the bank. He wondered and went nearer the bank. The Yakshas warning echoed again. " Oh Dharma ! I am a crane ! This is my lake. First answer my questions satisfactorily and take a sip, otherwise, be dead just as your brothers. "Dharma was knowing the nuances of religion. Before taking benefit of anybodys property, one has to fulfil certain conditions and take his permission. One cannot trespass and usurp anybody of his ownership or possession. Dharma was very polite, He said, " You do not seem to be a bird. You must be an angel of some high order like Rudra, Vasu or Marut (The angles of Fire, Earth or Air). Please let me have your Darshan. I will try to answer your questions according to my ability.Yaksha was waiting for such a man. He asked Dharma many questions and Dharma replied all :Yaksha-PrashnasQuestion : What makes the Sun rise ? Answer : Brahman. Q — Who are His companions ? A — Hosts of Devas. Q — Who makes the Sun set ? A — Dharma- The Universal Law. Q — In what is the Sun established ? A — In Truth. Q — What makes a man Shrotriya ? A — By Shrutees ( Vedas). Q — By what a person attains Mahat abode ? A — By Penance.Q — What makes a man " accompanied by second ? " A — By Courage. Q — What gives a man intelligence ? A — Serving the elders. Q — In Brahmins, what is divinity and what is human quality ? What is saintly practice and what is evil practice for them ? A :— To learn Vedas is divinity, to perform penance .is saintliness, to sacrifice is their human quality and to blame others is evil for them.Q :— What are similar qualities for Kshatriyas ?A : For Kshatriyas, Archery is divinity, Yadnya is saintliness, Fear is their human quality and " Not to protect the poor " is evil for them.Q. Who is dead though living, enjoying sense- perceptions, intelligent and respected by all ? A :--- One who does not feed the angels and gods, the guests, the servants, the mother and father as also his own soul, is verily dead though breathing. Q :— What is greater than the Earth ? Higher than the Sky ?Faster than Wind and numerous than grass-blades ? A :— Mother is greater than the Earth. Father is higher than the sky; Mind is faster than wind and worries are more numerous than blades of grass ! Q ;— Who is a friend to travellers in foreign countries ?Who is a friend to house-dweller ?Who is a friend to a sufferer and who is a friend to a man on death bed ? A :— Co-travellers are friends in foreign land, wife to the house-dweller, doctor to the sufferer and surely, ‘charity is the friend to the dying man. Q :— Who is guest to all ? What is eternal religion ? What is nectar ? What is in short all this world ? A :— Fire is guest to all. Unchangeable tenements of religion is the eternal religion, the cows milk is the nectar and this world, in short, is like wind. Q — Who travels alone ? A — The sun.Q — Who is born again after once being born ? A — The moon ? Q — What is medicine for cold ? A — Warmth of fire. Q — Which is the largest place ? A — The Earth. Q — What are the main abodes of religion, success, heaven and happiness. A — Carefulness, charity, thruth and culture (good morals) are the main abodes respectively. Q — What is the soul of man, friend of man, source of livelihood and his last resort ?A :— Son is his soul, wife is the ordained friend and compa nion, the cloud is source of livelihood and Dana ( charity ) is his last resort.Q :— What is best : (1) quality in auspicious persons, (2) possession, (3) benefit and (4) happiness ?A :— Awareness is the best quality of auspicious persons, scientific knowledge is best possession; good health is best benefit and contenment is best happiness.Q :— What is the highest religion in society ? What reli gion gives lasting benefit ? What thing if controlled, does not bring in sorrow ? Whose agreement remains valid ?A :— Pity, the religion laid down in Vedas, the mind under control and agreement with gentleman are the answers to these four questions.Q :— Giving up of what (1) makes a man popular ? (2) makes him self-contained, (3) makes him free from sorrow and (4) makes him happy ?A :— Renounce conceit to become popular, desire for being self-contained, anger to be free of sorrow and envy for happiness.
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After leaving Kamyaka forest, the Pandavas again returned to Dwaita forest. There, in order to catch a deer which had run away with the piece of wood used by a Brahmin in the sacrificial processes, and which was a necessity for him, the Pandavas, on being requested by him, took each his bow and arrow and went into deep forest. While traversing the length and breadth of the forest, they could not come upon the swiftest deer. Tired and thirsty, they searched for some water source. Dharma, resting under a tree with his brothers, sent Nakula to the lake which was seen from the tree-top. Nakula was to bring water for all the brothers. Proceeding to the precincts of the lake, he reached down for having a sip of the waters when from the space, a voice announced " Oh, Nakula ! Do not make haste. This lake is belonging to me. You have first to answer my questions fully and correctly and then only you can drink of these pure waters. " Nakula however neglected the warning and drank the water. No sooner did he take one sip, than he fell lifeless on the bank.
After awaiting his return for some time, Dharma directed Sahadeva, Arjuna and Bheema by turns as the former did not return in time, but unfortunately, all the four brothers did not pay heed to the warning of Yaksha and all were dead.
Dharma, waiting for long minutes, himself ran down to the lake and to his great sorrow, saw the bodies of his dear brothers lying motionless on the bank. He wondered and went nearer the bank. The Yakshas warning echoed again. " Oh Dharma ! I am a crane ! This is my lake. First answer my questions satisfactorily and take a sip, otherwise, be dead just as your brothers. "
Dharma was knowing the nuances of religion. Before taking benefit of anybodys property, one has to fulfil certain conditions and take his permission. One cannot trespass and usurp anybody of his ownership or possession. Dharma was very polite, He said, " You do not seem to be a bird. You must be an angel of some high order like Rudra, Vasu or Marut (The angles of Fire, Earth or Air). Please let me have your Darshan. I will try to answer your questions according to my ability.
Yaksha was waiting for such a man. He asked Dharma many questions and Dharma replied all :
Yaksha-Prashnas
Question : What makes the Sun rise ?
Answer : Brahman.
Q — Who are His companions ?
A — Hosts of Devas.
Q — Who makes the Sun set ?
A — Dharma- The Universal Law.
Q — In what is the Sun established ?
A — In Truth.
Q — What makes a man Shrotriya ?
A — By Shrutees ( Vedas).
Q — By what a person attains Mahat abode ?
A — By Penance.
Q — What makes a man " accompanied by second ? "
A — By Courage.
Q — What gives a man intelligence ?
A — Serving the elders.
Q — In Brahmins, what is divinity and what is human quality ? What is saintly practice and what is evil practice for them ?
A :— To learn Vedas is divinity, to perform penance .is saintliness, to sacrifice is their human quality and to blame others is evil for them.
Q :— What are similar qualities for Kshatriyas ?
A : For Kshatriyas, Archery is divinity, Yadnya is saintliness, Fear is their human quality and " Not to protect the poor " is evil for them.
Q. Who is dead though living, enjoying sense- perceptions, intelligent and respected by all ?
A :--- One who does not feed the angels and gods, the guests, the servants, the mother and father as also his own soul, is verily dead though breathing.
Q :— What is greater than the Earth ? Higher than the Sky ?
Faster than Wind and numerous than grass-blades ?
A :— Mother is greater than the Earth. Father is higher than the sky; Mind is faster than wind and worries are more numerous than blades of grass !
Q ;— Who is a friend to travellers in foreign countries ?
Who is a friend to house-dweller ?
Who is a friend to a sufferer and who is a friend to a man on death bed ? A :— Co-travellers are friends in foreign land, wife to the house-dweller, doctor to the sufferer and surely, ‘charity is the friend to the dying man.
Q :— Who is guest to all ? What is eternal religion ? What is nectar ? What is in short all this world ?
A :— Fire is guest to all. Unchangeable tenements of religion is the eternal religion, the cows milk is the nectar and this world, in short, is like wind.
Q — Who travels alone ?
A — The sun.
Q — Who is born again after once being born ?
A — The moon ?
Q — What is medicine for cold ?
A — Warmth of fire.
Q — Which is the largest place ?
A — The Earth.
Q — What are the main abodes of religion, success, heaven and happiness.
A — Carefulness, charity, thruth and culture (good morals) are the main abodes respectively. Q — What is the soul of man, friend of man, source of livelihood and his last resort ?
A :— Son is his soul, wife is the ordained friend and compa nion, the cloud is source of livelihood and Dana ( charity ) is his last resort.
Q :— What is best : (1) quality in auspicious persons, (2) possession, (3) benefit and (4) happiness ?
A :— Awareness is the best quality of auspicious persons, scientific knowledge is best possession; good health is best benefit and contenment is best happiness.
Q :— What is the highest religion in society ? What reli gion gives lasting benefit ? What thing if controlled, does not bring in sorrow ? Whose agreement remains valid ?
A :— Pity, the religion laid down in Vedas, the mind under control and agreement with gentleman are the answers to these four questions.
Q :— Giving up of what (1) makes a man popular ? (2) makes him self-contained, (3) makes him free from sorrow and (4) makes him happy ?
A :— Renounce conceit to become popular, desire for being self-contained, anger to be free of sorrow and envy for happiness. [ The questions asked by Yaksha to Yudhishthira (Dharma) regarding religious problems, are one of the salient features of Mahabharata. Here is given the short story with full list of the questions and answers, for the benefit of the readers of our Shri Sai Leela Magazine. —Editor ]After leaving Kamyaka forest, the Pandavas again returned to Dwaita forest. There, in order to catch a deer which had run away with the piece of wood used by a Brahmin in the sacrificial processes, and which was a necessity for him, the Pandavas, on being requested by him, took each his bow and arrow and went into deep forest. While traversing the length and breadth of the forest, they could not come upon the swiftest deer. Tired and thirsty, they searched for some water source. Dharma, resting under a tree with his brothers, sent Nakula to the lake which was seen from the tree-top. Nakula was to bring water for all the brothers. Proceeding to the precincts of the lake, he reached down for having a sip of the waters when from the space, a voice announced " Oh, Nakula ! Do not make haste. This lake is belonging to me. You have first to answer my questions fully and correctly and then only you can drink of these pure waters. " Nakula however neglected the warning and drank the water. No sooner did he take one sip, than he fell lifeless on the bank.After awaiting his return for some time, Dharma directed Sahadeva, Arjuna and Bheema by turns as the former did not return in time, but unfortunately, all the four brothers did not pay heed to the warning of Yaksha and all were dead.Dharma, waiting for long minutes, himself ran down to the lake and to his great sorrow, saw the bodies of his dear brothers lying motionless on the bank. He wondered and went nearer the bank. The Yakshas warning echoed again. " Oh Dharma ! I am a crane ! This is my lake. First answer my questions satisfactorily and take a sip, otherwise, be dead just as your brothers. "Dharma was knowing the nuances of religion. Before taking benefit of anybodys property, one has to fulfil certain conditions and take his permission. One cannot trespass and usurp anybody of his ownership or possession. Dharma was very polite, He said, " You do not seem to be a bird. You must be an angel of some high order like Rudra, Vasu or Marut (The angles of Fire, Earth or Air). Please let me have your Darshan. I will try to answer your questions according to my ability.Yaksha was waiting for such a man. He asked Dharma many questions and Dharma replied all :Yaksha-PrashnasQuestion : What makes the Sun rise ? Answer : Brahman. Q — Who are His companions ? A — Hosts of Devas. Q — Who makes the Sun set ? A — Dharma- The Universal Law. Q — In what is the Sun established ? A — In Truth. Q — What makes a man Shrotriya ? A — By Shrutees ( Vedas). Q — By what a person attains Mahat abode ? A — By Penance.Q — What makes a man " accompanied by second ? " A — By Courage. Q — What gives a man intelligence ? A — Serving the elders. Q — In Brahmins, what is divinity and what is human quality ? What is saintly practice and what is evil practice for them ? A :— To learn Vedas is divinity, to perform penance .is saintliness, to sacrifice is their human quality and to blame others is evil for them.Q :— What are similar qualities for Kshatriyas ?A : For Kshatriyas, Archery is divinity, Yadnya is saintliness, Fear is their human quality and " Not to protect the poor " is evil for them.Q. Who is dead though living, enjoying sense- perceptions, intelligent and respected by all ? A :--- One who does not feed the angels and gods, the guests, the servants, the mother and father as also his own soul, is verily dead though breathing. Q :— What is greater than the Earth ? Higher than the Sky ?Faster than Wind and numerous than grass-blades ? A :— Mother is greater than the Earth. Father is higher than the sky; Mind is faster than wind and worries are more numerous than blades of grass ! Q ;— Who is a friend to travellers in foreign countries ?Who is a friend to house-dweller ?Who is a friend to a sufferer and who is a friend to a man on death bed ? A :— Co-travellers are friends in foreign land, wife to the house-dweller, doctor to the sufferer and surely, ‘charity is the friend to the dying man. Q :— Who is guest to all ? What is eternal religion ? What is nectar ? What is in short all this world ? A :— Fire is guest to all. Unchangeable tenements of religion is the eternal religion, the cows milk is the nectar and this world, in short, is like wind. Q — Who travels alone ? A — The sun.Q — Who is born again after once being born ? A — The moon ? Q — What is medicine for cold ? A — Warmth of fire. Q — Which is the largest place ? A — The Earth. Q — What are the main abodes of religion, success, heaven and happiness. A — Carefulness, charity, thruth and culture (good morals) are the main abodes respectively. Q — What is the soul of man, friend of man, source of livelihood and his last resort ?A :— Son is his soul, wife is the ordained friend and compa nion, the cloud is source of livelihood and Dana ( charity ) is his last resort.Q :— What is best : (1) quality in auspicious persons, (2) possession, (3) benefit and (4) happiness ?A :— Awareness is the best quality of auspicious persons, scientific knowledge is best possession; good health is best benefit and contenment is best happiness.Q :— What is the highest religion in society ? What reli gion gives lasting benefit ? What thing if controlled, does not bring in sorrow ? Whose agreement remains valid ?A :— Pity, the religion laid down in Vedas, the mind under control and agreement with gentleman are the answers to these four questions.Q :— Giving up of what (1) makes a man popular ? (2) makes him self-contained, (3) makes him free from sorrow and (4) makes him happy ?A :— Renounce conceit to become popular, desire for being self-contained, anger to be free of sorrow and envy for happiness.
Sunday, March 15, 2015
Anatomy of the Brain Stem
External features
Anterior view
The anterior surface of medulla oblongata is grooved by an anteromedian fissure,on either side of which are the swellings due to the pyramidal tracts. These
pyramids, in turn, are separated from the olivary eminences by the anterolateral sulcus along which the rootlets of the 12th cranial nerve emerge.
Between the olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncle there is yet another groove corresponding to the posterolateral sulcus of the spinal cord; emerging from this groove are the rootlets of cranial nerves IX, X and XI
The pons lies between the medulla and the midbrain and is connected to the cerebellum by the middle cerebellar peduncles.
Its ventral surface presents a shallow median groove and numerous transverse ridges, which are continuous laterally with the middle cerebellar peduncle.
Its junction with the medulla is marked close to the ventral midline by the emergence of the 6th
7th and 8th cranial nerves nerves.
5th cranial nerves leave the lateral part of the pons near its upper border.
The anterior surface of the midbrain is formed by the cerebral peduncles (descending cerebral pathways).
The fibres of the 3rd nerves emerge between the two cerebral peduncles in the interpeduncular fossa.
Posterior view
The posteromedian sulcus of the spinal cord is continued half-way up the medulla, where it widens out to form the posterior part of the 4th ventricle.
On either side of the fissure the posterior columns of the spinal cord expand to form two distinct tubercles, the gracile and cuneate nuclei
The dorsal surface of the pons forms the upper part of the floor of the 4th ventricle
The dorsal surface of the midbrain presents corpora quadrigeminia,including two inferior,and two superior colliculi .
The corpora quadrigemina are reflex centers involving vision and hearing
Internal structure
Cranial nerve nuclei
Non-cranial nerve nuclei
Ascending and descending pathways
Reticular formation
Cranial nerve nuclei are referred to those nuclei located in the brain stem, where the cranial nerves originate or terminate except the olfactory and optic nerve
Non-cranial nerve nuclei are referred to those nuclei which are not linked directly to any cranial nerves functionally or structurally
Ascending pathways include 1) pathways originate in the spinal cord and pass
the brain stem to higher region of the brain; 2) pathways originate in the brain
stem to higher region of the brain
Descending pathways originate in the same motor area of the cortex, but terminate in 1) spinal cord and 2) brain stem
Reticular formation is recognized as an extensive field of intermingled grey and white matter outside the fiber bundles and nuclei of the brain stem
Long ascending pathways
Passing fibrous bundles which originate in the spinal cord:
1) Medial lemniscus: fibrous bundle formed by relayed fibers from fasciculi gracilis,
cuneatus. The fibers relay in gracile and cuneate nuclei, and decussate with fibers of opposite side, finally end in the ventral posteriomedial nucleus of thalamus
2) Spinothalamic lemniscus： composed of anterior and posterior spinothalamic tracts, and terminate in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus
Long ascending pathways
Fibrous bundles originated in the brain stem:
1) Trigeminal lemniscus: formed by fibers from contralateral spinal and pontine nuclei of trigeminal n. It conducts the tactile, pressure, pain and thermal impulses to the ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus
2) Lateral lemniscus: formed by the fibers from the ipsilateral and controlateral cochlear nuclei; some of fibers end in the inferior colliculus, others traverse the brachium of inferior colliculus to the nucleus of medial geniculate body
Long descending pathways
Pyramidal tract : descending fiber bundles originated in motor cortex to lower motor neurons in brain stem and spinal cord, It includes 1) corticospinal tract and 2) corticonuclear tract
The cerebellum
The cerebellum is the integrative organ for the coordination and fine-tuning of movement and for the regulation of muscle tone.
it is situated in the post cr fossa behind the pons & medulla.
EXTERNAL FEATURES
The cerebellum consists of two cerebellar hemispheres that are united to each other by the median vermis.
it has 2 surfaces sup & inf.
The sup surface is convex. The two hemispheres are continued each other on this surface.
The inf surface shows a deep median notch called the vallecula which separates the rt & lft hemispheres.
Internal structure
It consists of a cortex of grey matter (in which all the afferent fibres terminate) covering a mass of white matter, in which deep nuclei of grey matter are buried.
The cerebellar cortex contains several maps of the skeletal muscles in the body
The topographic arrangement of these maps indicates that the vermis controls the axial and proximal musculature of the limbs, the intermediate part of the hemisphere controls distal musculature, and the lateral part of the hemisphere is involved in motor planning.
THE DIENCEPHALON
The diencephalon is a midline structure
which is largely embedded in the cerebrum, and therefore hidden from the surface view.
Its cavity is the 3rd ventricle the hypothalamic sulcus extending from the interventricular foramen to the cerebral aqueduct, divides each half of the diencephalon in to dorsal & ventral parts.
Further sub divisions are follows
A . Dorsal part of the diencephalon
Thalamus ( dorsal thalamus )
Metathalamus, including the med & lat geniculate bodies and
Epithalamus, including the pinial body & habenula
B . Ventral part of the diencephalon
Hypothalamus,
Subthalamus ( ventral thalamus )
THALAMUS
The thalamus serves as the major sensory
relay for the ascending tactile, visual,auditory,
and gustatory information that ultimately reaches
the cerebrum cortex.
HYPOTHALAMUS
The hypothalamus is composed of numerous
nuclei that have afferent and efferent connections
with widespread regions of the nervous system,
including the pituitary gland, the autonomic
system, and the limbic system .It takes part in the
control of many visceral & metabolic activities
META THALAMUS
It consists of medial & lateral geniculate bodies
Which are situated on either side of the midbrain, below the thalamus
Medial geniculate body
It is an oval elevation situated just below the pulvinar of the thalamus & lat to the sup colliculus
It represents the thalamic relay between the inferior colliculus (IC) and the auditory cortex (AC).
Lateral geniculate body
This is a small elevation situated anterolateral to the med geniculate body, below the thalamus.
It is the primary processing center for visual information received from the retina of the eye
Monday, March 9, 2015
Types of Lightning and Beautiful Places in the World in Lightning Parade
Most People are not actually afraid of lightning. They just tend to be scared because of the quivering and shivering thunder.
Lightning are spectacular scenario when captured on camera but in reality lightning are dangerous, lightning kill.
Lightning are spectacular scenario when captured on camera but in reality lightning are dangerous, lightning kill.
Image Source
Lightning is a natural phenomenon that occurs anywhere else in the world. A leader of a bolt of lightning can travel at speeds of 220,000 km/h and can reach temperature approaching 30,000 °C, hot enough to fuse silica sand into glass channels known as fulgurites. There are approximately 16 million lightning storms in the world every year.
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This is a magnificent view of lightning from Atlanta City in Georgia Atlanta
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This awesome moment which was captured in camera showcases a lightning that strikes near India Gate, New Delhi Delhi
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This amazing photo shows a lightning that strikes during the eruption of the Galunggung, Volcano , Indonesia
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During volcanic eruptions, volcanic material thrust high into the atmosphere can trigger lightning Volcanic Lightning or Dirty Thunderstorm. The best example is the picture taken during the eruption of Mount Rinjani in Lombok , Indonesia
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This photo depicts a lightning striking Sucha Hora transmitter as seen from Banska Bystrica , Slovakia
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The above photo that shows a double lightning is taken from a balcony during a storm in Glyfada-Athens , Greece
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This spectacular photo of lightning which was photographed in Victoria , Australia
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This amusing photo of lightning is another example of a cloud-to-cloud lightning was photographed in Swifts Creek , Australia
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This type of lightning is called Heat Lightning. It was photographed near Louisville , Kentucky
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A lightning strikes southwest of Darwin , NT , Australia
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This impressive photo of lightning was photographed in Toronto , Canada
Image Source
The photo shows a lightning striking the Eiffel Tower
. It was taken in 1902. This is one of the earliest photographs of lightning in an urban setting.
The different types of naturally occurring lightning:
a.) Cloud-to-ground Lightning
-Bead Lightning
It is a type of cloud-to-ground lightning which is characterized by a bolt that breaks into dotted lines as it fades.
-Staccato Lightning
It is a cloud to ground lightning strike which is a short-duration stroke that appears as a single very bright flash
and often has considerable branching.
and often has considerable branching.-Ribbon Lightning
It is viewed as parallel streaks of light.
-Forked Lightning
It is a type of lightning in which visible branches are present.
b.) Cloud-to-cloud Lightning
-Sheet Lightning
It is an informally applied name to cloud-to-cloud lightning that exhibits a diffuse brightening of the surface of a cloud caused by the actual discharge
path being hidden
path being hidden-Heat Lightning
It is a common name for a lightning flash that appears to produce no thunder because it occurs too far away for the thunder to be heard.
c.) Ground-to-cloud Lightning
Ground-to-cloud lightning is a lightning discharge between the ground and a cumulonimbus cloud
initiated by an upward-moving leader stroke.
initiated by an upward-moving leader stroke.d.) Upper-atmospheric Lightning
-Blue Jets
It is a cone-shaped burst that spring forth from the center of a thunderstorm.
-Elves Lightning
These are bursts of light shaped like a doughnut or saucer.
-Red Sprites
This is characterized as a dim, reddish-colored burst.
e.) Ball Lightning
Its appearance is like a fiery glowing ball
which is usually in red, yellow, or orange which floats several feet above the ground.
which is usually in red, yellow, or orange which floats several feet above the ground.f.) Triggered Lightning
-Dirty Thunderstorm
A Dirty Thunderstorm occurs when lightning is produced in a volcanic plume
.
.See also other spectacular phenomena
- 11 Historic Events That Created the World’s Largest Mushroom Clouds
- Quick Facts About the Polar
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