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Showing posts with label the. Show all posts
Showing posts with label the. Show all posts

Wednesday, March 18, 2015

THE QUESTIONS OF YAKSHA

[ The questions asked by Yaksha to Yudhishthira (Dharma) regarding religious problems, are one of the salient features of Mahabharata. Here is given the short story with full list of the questions and answers, for the benefit of the readers of our Shri Sai Leela Magazine. —Editor ]

After leaving Kamyaka forest, the Pandavas again returned to Dwaita forest. There, in order to catch a deer which had run away with the piece of wood used by a Brahmin in the sacrificial processes, and which was a necessity for him, the Pandavas, on being requested by him, took each his bow and arrow and went into deep forest. While traversing the length and breadth of the forest, they could not come upon the swiftest deer. Tired and thirsty, they searched for some water source. Dharma, resting under a tree with his brothers, sent Nakula to the lake which was seen from the tree-top. Nakula was to bring water for all the brothers. Proceeding to the precincts of the lake, he reached down for having a sip of the waters when from the space, a voice announced " Oh, Nakula ! Do not make haste. This lake is belonging to me. You have first to answer my questions fully and correctly and then only you can drink of these pure waters. " Nakula however neglected the warning and drank the water. No sooner did he take one sip, than he fell lifeless on the bank.

After awaiting his return for some time, Dharma directed Sahadeva, Arjuna and Bheema by turns as the former did not return in time, but unfortunately, all the four brothers did not pay heed to the warning of Yaksha and all were dead.

Dharma, waiting for long minutes, himself ran down to the lake and to his great sorrow, saw the bodies of his dear brothers lying motionless on the bank. He wondered and went nearer the bank. The Yakshas warning echoed again. " Oh Dharma ! I am a crane ! This is my lake. First answer my questions satisfactorily and take a sip, otherwise, be dead just as your brothers. "

Dharma was knowing the nuances of religion. Before taking benefit of anybodys property, one has to fulfil certain conditions and take his permission. One cannot trespass and usurp anybody of his ownership or possession. Dharma was very polite, He said, " You do not seem to be a bird. You must be an angel of some high order like Rudra, Vasu or Marut (The angles of Fire, Earth or Air). Please let me have your Darshan. I will try to answer your questions according to my ability.

Yaksha was waiting for such a man. He asked Dharma many questions and Dharma replied all :

Yaksha-Prashnas

Question : What makes the Sun rise ?

Answer : Brahman.

Q — Who are His companions ?

A — Hosts of Devas.

Q — Who makes the Sun set ?

A — Dharma- The Universal Law.

Q — In what is the Sun established ?

A — In Truth.

Q — What makes a man Shrotriya ?

A — By Shrutees ( Vedas).

Q — By what a person attains Mahat abode ?

A — By Penance.

Q — What makes a man " accompanied by second ? "

A — By Courage.

Q — What gives a man intelligence ?

A — Serving the elders.

Q — In Brahmins, what is divinity and what is human quality ? What is saintly practice and what is evil practice for them ?

A :— To learn Vedas is divinity, to perform penance .is saintliness, to sacrifice is their human quality and to blame others is evil for them.

Q :— What are similar qualities for Kshatriyas ?

A : For Kshatriyas, Archery is divinity, Yadnya is saintliness, Fear is their human quality and " Not to protect the poor " is evil for them.

Q. Who is dead though living, enjoying sense- perceptions, intelligent and respected by all ?

A :--- One who does not feed the angels and gods, the guests, the servants, the mother and father as also his own soul, is verily dead though breathing.

Q :— What is greater than the Earth ? Higher than the Sky ?

Faster than Wind and numerous than grass-blades ?

A :— Mother is greater than the Earth. Father is higher than the sky; Mind is faster than wind and worries are more numerous than blades of grass !

Q ;— Who is a friend to travellers in foreign countries ?

Who is a friend to house-dweller ?

Who is a friend to a sufferer and who is a friend to a man on death bed ? A :— Co-travellers are friends in foreign land, wife to the house-dweller, doctor to the sufferer and surely, ‘charity is the friend to the dying man.

Q :— Who is guest to all ? What is eternal religion ? What is nectar ? What is in short all this world ?

A :— Fire is guest to all. Unchangeable tenements of religion is the eternal religion, the cows milk is the nectar and this world, in short, is like wind.

Q — Who travels alone ?

A — The sun.

Q — Who is born again after once being born ?

A — The moon ?

Q — What is medicine for cold ?

A — Warmth of fire.

Q — Which is the largest place ?

A — The Earth.

Q — What are the main abodes of religion, success, heaven and happiness.

A — Carefulness, charity, thruth and culture (good morals) are the main abodes respectively. Q — What is the soul of man, friend of man, source of livelihood and his last resort ?

A :— Son is his soul, wife is the ordained friend and compa nion, the cloud is source of livelihood and Dana ( charity ) is his last resort.

Q :— What is best : (1) quality in auspicious persons, (2) possession, (3) benefit and (4) happiness ?

A :— Awareness is the best quality of auspicious persons, scientific knowledge is best possession; good health is best benefit and contenment is best happiness.

Q :— What is the highest religion in society ? What reli gion gives lasting benefit ? What thing if controlled, does not bring in sorrow ? Whose agreement remains valid ?

A :— Pity, the religion laid down in Vedas, the mind under control and agreement with gentleman are the answers to these four questions.

Q :— Giving up of what (1) makes a man popular ? (2) makes him self-contained, (3) makes him free from sorrow and (4) makes him happy ?

A :— Renounce conceit to become popular, desire for being self-contained, anger to be free of sorrow and envy for happiness. [ The questions asked by Yaksha to Yudhishthira (Dharma) regarding religious problems, are one of the salient features of Mahabharata. Here is given the short story with full list of the questions and answers, for the benefit of the readers of our Shri Sai Leela Magazine. —Editor ]After leaving Kamyaka forest, the Pandavas again returned to Dwaita forest. There, in order to catch a deer which had run away with the piece of wood used by a Brahmin in the sacrificial processes, and which was a necessity for him, the Pandavas, on being requested by him, took each his bow and arrow and went into deep forest. While traversing the length and breadth of the forest, they could not come upon the swiftest deer. Tired and thirsty, they searched for some water source. Dharma, resting under a tree with his brothers, sent Nakula to the lake which was seen from the tree-top. Nakula was to bring water for all the brothers. Proceeding to the precincts of the lake, he reached down for having a sip of the waters when from the space, a voice announced " Oh, Nakula ! Do not make haste. This lake is belonging to me. You have first to answer my questions fully and correctly and then only you can drink of these pure waters. " Nakula however neglected the warning and drank the water. No sooner did he take one sip, than he fell lifeless on the bank.After awaiting his return for some time, Dharma directed Sahadeva, Arjuna and Bheema by turns as the former did not return in time, but unfortunately, all the four brothers did not pay heed to the warning of Yaksha and all were dead.Dharma, waiting for long minutes, himself ran down to the lake and to his great sorrow, saw the bodies of his dear brothers lying motionless on the bank. He wondered and went nearer the bank. The Yakshas warning echoed again. " Oh Dharma ! I am a crane ! This is my lake. First answer my questions satisfactorily and take a sip, otherwise, be dead just as your brothers. "Dharma was knowing the nuances of religion. Before taking benefit of anybodys property, one has to fulfil certain conditions and take his permission. One cannot trespass and usurp anybody of his ownership or possession. Dharma was very polite, He said, " You do not seem to be a bird. You must be an angel of some high order like Rudra, Vasu or Marut (The angles of Fire, Earth or Air). Please let me have your Darshan. I will try to answer your questions according to my ability.Yaksha was waiting for such a man. He asked Dharma many questions and Dharma replied all :Yaksha-PrashnasQuestion : What makes the Sun rise ? Answer : Brahman. Q — Who are His companions ? A — Hosts of Devas. Q — Who makes the Sun set ? A — Dharma- The Universal Law. Q — In what is the Sun established ? A — In Truth. Q — What makes a man Shrotriya ? A — By Shrutees ( Vedas). Q — By what a person attains Mahat abode ? A — By Penance.Q — What makes a man " accompanied by second ? " A — By Courage. Q — What gives a man intelligence ? A — Serving the elders. Q — In Brahmins, what is divinity and what is human quality ? What is saintly practice and what is evil practice for them ? A :— To learn Vedas is divinity, to perform penance .is saintliness, to sacrifice is their human quality and to blame others is evil for them.Q :— What are similar qualities for Kshatriyas ?A : For Kshatriyas, Archery is divinity, Yadnya is saintliness, Fear is their human quality and " Not to protect the poor " is evil for them.Q. Who is dead though living, enjoying sense- perceptions, intelligent and respected by all ? A :--- One who does not feed the angels and gods, the guests, the servants, the mother and father as also his own soul, is verily dead though breathing. Q :— What is greater than the Earth ? Higher than the Sky ?Faster than Wind and numerous than grass-blades ? A :— Mother is greater than the Earth. Father is higher than the sky; Mind is faster than wind and worries are more numerous than blades of grass ! Q ;— Who is a friend to travellers in foreign countries ?Who is a friend to house-dweller ?Who is a friend to a sufferer and who is a friend to a man on death bed ? A :— Co-travellers are friends in foreign land, wife to the house-dweller, doctor to the sufferer and surely, ‘charity is the friend to the dying man. Q :— Who is guest to all ? What is eternal religion ? What is nectar ? What is in short all this world ? A :— Fire is guest to all. Unchangeable tenements of religion is the eternal religion, the cows milk is the nectar and this world, in short, is like wind. Q — Who travels alone ? A — The sun.Q — Who is born again after once being born ? A — The moon ? Q — What is medicine for cold ? A — Warmth of fire. Q — Which is the largest place ? A — The Earth. Q — What are the main abodes of religion, success, heaven and happiness. A — Carefulness, charity, thruth and culture (good morals) are the main abodes respectively. Q — What is the soul of man, friend of man, source of livelihood and his last resort ?A :— Son is his soul, wife is the ordained friend and compa nion, the cloud is source of livelihood and Dana ( charity ) is his last resort.Q :— What is best : (1) quality in auspicious persons, (2) possession, (3) benefit and (4) happiness ?A :— Awareness is the best quality of auspicious persons, scientific knowledge is best possession; good health is best benefit and contenment is best happiness.Q :— What is the highest religion in society ? What reli gion gives lasting benefit ? What thing if controlled, does not bring in sorrow ? Whose agreement remains valid ?A :— Pity, the religion laid down in Vedas, the mind under control and agreement with gentleman are the answers to these four questions.Q :— Giving up of what (1) makes a man popular ? (2) makes him self-contained, (3) makes him free from sorrow and (4) makes him happy ?A :— Renounce conceit to become popular, desire for being self-contained, anger to be free of sorrow and envy for happiness.
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What the thunder says

Youve been in a storm -- you know what thunder sounds like. But, do you know what the thunder is saying?
Ages ago, in India, sages meditated on the thunder and they tell this story.

When creation began, there was only the Creator. One of his names -- the one in this story -- is Prajapati. Tired of being alone, Prajapati gave birth to three kinds of beings: gods, men, and, of course, demons. (Demons always make stories more interesting!)

Well, as young people did in olden times, all these children had been studying with their father, living a disciplined life. The day came when that stage of life was finished and they were about to leave home and go out into their respective worlds -- the gods to their heavens, the men to earth, and the demons to the hells below.

Before leaving, the gods came to their father, Prajapati, saying, "Give us a final word, Sir, before we leave, if you please."
He was a close-mouthed old man, and besides, he wanted to test their learning, so he gave them even less than a word! He gave them only a syllable, the Sanskrit syllable "da".

"Have you understood me?" their father asked.

"Yes, Sir," said the gods, "that must be short for damyata, meaning be self-controlled".

"Yes," said Prajapati.

Then it came the turn of the men to say goodbye. They too asked their father for a final word, but he gave them the same syllable, "da". "Have you understood?" he asked.

"Yes, Sir," said the men, "this must be short for datta, meaning give in charity".

"Yes," said the father. And when the demons came, it was the same story. Prajapati said "da" and asked if they understood.

"Yes, Sir," said the demons (showing surprising intelligence), "it must be short for dayadhvam, and you mean be kind, be merciful".
"Yes," said Prajapati. Then they all bowed down before him and went their ways.

What do you understand by this story?

The demons, you see, are very cruel by nature. But if they can somehow bring some kindness and mercy into their miserable lives, then there is hope for them to go up to a higher state.

Human beings, on the other hand, are better, but selfish; what they need is to help and serve one another on this earth. Then they too will become fit for rising higher.

Now the gods are busy enjoying themselves in heaven, and there they have such a good time that they forget about Truth and how to search for it. Without self-control, they will never find Truth.

So, Prajapati told each group the same thing, knowing full well that each sort of offspring would understand it in exactly his own way. Great teachers often do this.

So, it is said that, even today, when you hear the thunders "da, da, da" it is the voice of old Prajapati, the Creator, repeating from time to time his instructions to all kinds of beings.

Chhandogya Upanishad
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THE ELDERBUSH Hans Christian Andersen Fairy Tales

Once upon a time there was a little boy who had taken cold. He had gone out and got his feet wet; though nobody could imagine how it had happened, for it was quite dry weather. So his mother undressed him, put him to bed, and had the tea-pot brought in, to make him a good cup of Elderflower tea. Just at that moment the merry old man came in who lived up a-top of the house all alone; for he had neither wife nor children—but he liked children very much, and knew so many fairy tales, that it was quite delightful.

"Now drink your tea," said the boys mother; "then, perhaps, you may hear a fairy tale."

"If I had but something new to tell," said the old man. "But how did the child get his feet wet?"

"That is the very thing that nobody can make out," said his mother.

"Am I to hear a fairy tale?" asked the little boy.

"Yes, if you can tell me exactly—for I must know that first—how deep the gutter is in the little street opposite, that you pass through in going to school."

"Just up to the middle of my boot," said the child; "but then I must go into the deep hole."

"Ah, ah! Thats where the wet feet came from," said the old man. "I ought now to tell you a story; but I dont know any more."

"You can make one in a moment," said the little boy. "My mother says that all you look at can be turned into a fairy tale: and that you can find a story in everything."

"Yes, but such tales and stories are good for nothing. The right sort come of themselves; they tap at my forehead and say, Here we are."

"Wont there be a tap soon?" asked the little boy. And his mother laughed, put some Elder-flowers in the tea-pot, and poured boiling water upon them.

"Do tell me something! Pray do!"

"Yes, if a fairy tale would come of its own accord; but they are proud and haughty, and come only when they choose. Stop!" said he, all on a sudden. "I have it! Pay attention! There is one in the tea-pot!"

And the little boy looked at the tea-pot. The cover rose more and more; and the Elder-flowers came forth so fresh and white, and shot up long branches. Out of the spout even did they spread themselves on all sides, and grew larger and larger; it was a splendid Elderbush, a whole tree; and it reached into the very bed, and pushed the curtains aside. How it bloomed! And what an odour! In the middle of the bush sat a friendly-looking old woman in a most strange dress. It was quite green, like the leaves of the elder, and was trimmed with large white Elder-flowers; so that at first one could not tell whether it was a stuff, or a natural green and real flowers.

"Whats that womans name?" asked the little boy.

"The Greeks and Romans," said the old man, "called her a Dryad; but that we do not understand. The people who live in the New Booths [*] have a much better name for her; they call her old Granny—and she it is to whom you are to pay attention. Now listen, and look at the beautiful Elderbush.

     * A row of buildings for seamen in Copenhagen.

"Just such another large blooming Elder Tree stands near the New Booths. It grew there in the corner of a little miserable court-yard; and under it sat, of an afternoon, in the most splendid sunshine, two old people; an old, old seaman, and his old, old wife. They had great-grand-children, and were soon to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of their marriage; but they could not exactly recollect the date: and old Granny sat in the tree, and looked as pleased as now. I know the date, said she; but those below did not hear her, for they were talking about old times.

"Yes, cant you remember when we were very little, said the old seaman, and ran and played about? It was the very same court-yard where we now are, and we stuck slips in the ground, and made a garden.

"I remember it well, said the old woman; I remember it quite well. We watered the slips, and one of them was an Elderbush. It took root, put forth green shoots, and grew up to be the large tree under which we old folks are now sitting.

"To be sure, said he. And there in the corner stood a waterpail, where I used to swim my boats.

"True; but first we went to school to learn somewhat, said she; and then we were confirmed. We both cried; but in the afternoon we went up the Round Tower, and looked down on Copenhagen, and far, far away over the water; then we went to Friedericksberg, where the King and the Queen were sailing about in their splendid barges.

"But I had a different sort of sailing to that, later; and that, too, for many a year; a long way off, on great voyages.

"Yes, many a time have I wept for your sake, said she. I thought you were dead and gone, and lying down in the deep waters. Many a night have I got up to see if the wind had not changed: and changed it had, sure enough; but you never came. I remember so well one day, when the rain was pouring down in torrents, the scavengers were before the house where I was in service, and I had come up with the dust, and remained standing at the door—it was dreadful weather—when just as I was there, the postman came and gave me a letter. It was from you! What a tour that letter had made! I opened it instantly and read: I laughed and wept. I was so happy. In it I read that you were in warm lands where the coffee-tree grows. What a blessed land that must be! You related so much, and I saw it all the while the rain was pouring down, and I standing there with the dust-box. At the same moment came someone who embraced me.

"Yes; but you gave him a good box on his ear that made it tingle!

"But I did not know it was you. You arrived as soon as your letter, and you were so handsome—that you still are—and had a long yellow silk handkerchief round your neck, and a bran new hat on; oh, you were so dashing! Good heavens! What weather it was, and what a state the street was in!

"And then we married, said he. Dont you remember? And then we had our first little boy, and then Mary, and Nicholas, and Peter, and Christian.

"Yes, and how they all grew up to be honest people, and were beloved by everybody.

"And their children also have children, said the old sailor; yes, those are our grand-children, full of strength and vigor. It was, methinks about this season that we had our wedding.

"Yes, this very day is the fiftieth anniversary of the marriage, said old Granny, sticking her head between the two old people; who thought it was their neighbor who nodded to them. They looked at each other and held one another by the hand. Soon after came their children, and their grand-children; for they knew well enough that it was the day of the fiftieth anniversary, and had come with their gratulations that very morning; but the old people had forgotten it, although they were able to remember all that had happened many years ago. And the Elderbush sent forth a strong odour in the sun, that was just about to set, and shone right in the old peoples faces. They both looked so rosy-cheeked; and the youngest of the grandchildren danced around them, and called out quite delighted, that there was to be something very splendid that evening—they were all to have hot potatoes. And old Nanny nodded in the bush, and shouted hurrah! with the rest."

"But that is no fairy tale," said the little boy, who was listening to the story.

"The thing is, you must understand it," said the narrator; "let us ask old Nanny."

"That was no fairy tale, tis true," said old Nanny; "but now its coming. The most wonderful fairy tales grow out of that which is reality; were that not the case, you know, my magnificent Elderbush could not have grown out of the tea-pot." And then she took the little boy out of bed, laid him on her bosom, and the branches of the Elder Tree, full of flowers, closed around her. They sat in an aerial dwelling, and it flew with them through the air. Oh, it was wondrous beautiful! Old Nanny had grown all of a sudden a young and pretty maiden; but her robe was still the same green stuff with white flowers, which she had worn before. On her bosom she had a real Elderflower, and in her yellow waving hair a wreath of the flowers; her eyes were so large and blue that it was a pleasure to look at them; she kissed the boy, and now they were of the same age and felt alike.

Hand in hand they went out of the bower, and they were standing in the beautiful garden of their home. Near the green lawn papas walking-stick was tied, and for the little ones it seemed to be endowed with life; for as soon as they got astride it, the round polished knob was turned into a magnificent neighing head, a long black mane fluttered in the breeze, and four slender yet strong legs shot out. The animal was strong and handsome, and away they went at full gallop round the lawn.

"Huzza! Now we are riding miles off," said the boy. "We are riding away to the castle where we were last year!"

And on they rode round the grass-plot; and the little maiden, who, we know, was no one else but old Nanny, kept on crying out, "Now we are in the country! Dont you see the farm-house yonder? And there is an Elder Tree standing beside it; and the cock is scraping away the earth for the hens, look, how he struts! And now we are close to the church. It lies high upon the hill, between the large oak-trees, one of which is half decayed. And now we are by the smithy, where the fire is blazing, and where the half-naked men are banging with their hammers till the sparks fly about. Away! away! To the beautiful country-seat!"

And all that the little maiden, who sat behind on the stick, spoke of, flew by in reality. The boy saw it all, and yet they were only going round the grass-plot. Then they played in a side avenue, and marked out a little garden on the earth; and they took Elder-blossoms from their hair, planted them, and they grew just like those the old people planted when they were children, as related before. They went hand in hand, as the old people had done when they were children; but not to the Round Tower, or to Friedericksberg; no, the little damsel wound her arms round the boy, and then they flew far away through all Denmark. And spring came, and summer; and then it was autumn, and then winter; and a thousand pictures were reflected in the eye and in the heart of the boy; and the little girl always sang to him, "This you will never forget." And during their whole flight the Elder Tree smelt so sweet and odorous; he remarked the roses and the fresh beeches, but the Elder Tree had a more wondrous fragrance, for its flowers hung on the breast of the little maiden; and there, too, did he often lay his head during the flight.

"It is lovely here in spring!" said the young maiden. And they stood in a beech-wood that had just put on its first green, where the woodroof [*] at their feet sent forth its fragrance, and the pale-red anemony looked so pretty among the verdure. "Oh, would it were always spring in the sweetly-smelling Danish beech-forests!"

     * Asperula odorata.

"It is lovely here in summer!" said she. And she flew past old castles of by-gone days of chivalry, where the red walls and the embattled gables were mirrored in the canal, where the swans were swimming, and peered up into the old cool avenues. In the fields the corn was waving like the sea; in the ditches red and yellow flowers were growing; while wild-drone flowers, and blooming convolvuluses were creeping in the hedges; and towards evening the moon rose round and large, and the haycocks in the meadows smelt so sweetly. "This one never forgets!"

"It is lovely here in autumn!" said the little maiden. And suddenly the atmosphere grew as blue again as before; the forest grew red, and green, and yellow-colored. The dogs came leaping along, and whole flocks of wild-fowl flew over the cairn, where blackberry-bushes were hanging round the old stones. The sea was dark blue, covered with ships full of white sails; and in the barn old women, maidens, and children were sitting picking hops into a large cask; the young sang songs, but the old told fairy tales of mountain-sprites and soothsayers. Nothing could be more charming.

"It is delightful here in winter!" said the little maiden. And all the trees were covered with hoar-frost; they looked like white corals; the snow crackled under foot, as if one had new boots on; and one falling star after the other was seen in the sky. The Christmas-tree was lighted in the room; presents were there, and good-humor reigned. In the country the violin sounded in the room of the peasant; the newly-baked cakes were attacked; even the poorest child said, "It is really delightful here in winter!"

Yes, it was delightful; and the little maiden showed the boy everything; and the Elder Tree still was fragrant, and the red flag, with the white cross, was still waving: the flag under which the old seaman in the New Booths had sailed. And the boy grew up to be a lad, and was to go forth in the wide world-far, far away to warm lands, where the coffee-tree grows; but at his departure the little maiden took an Elder-blossom from her bosom, and gave it him to keep; and it was placed between the leaves of his Prayer-Book; and when in foreign lands he opened the book, it was always at the place where the keepsake-flower lay; and the more he looked at it, the fresher it became; he felt as it were, the fragrance of the Danish groves; and from among the leaves of the flowers he could distinctly see the little maiden, peeping forth with her bright blue eyes—and then she whispered, "It is delightful here in Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter"; and a hundred visions glided before his mind.

Thus passed many years, and he was now an old man, and sat with his old wife under the blooming tree. They held each other by the hand, as the old grand-father and grand-mother yonder in the New Booths did, and they talked exactly like them of old times, and of the fiftieth anniversary of their wedding. The little maiden, with the blue eyes, and with Elder-blossoms in her hair, sat in the tree, nodded to both of them, and said, "To-day is the fiftieth anniversary!" And then she took two flowers out of her hair, and kissed them. First, they shone like silver, then like gold; and when they laid them on the heads of the old people, each flower became a golden crown. So there they both sat, like a king and a queen, under the fragrant tree, that looked exactly like an elder: the old man told his wife the story of "Old Nanny," as it had been told him when a boy. And it seemed to both of them it contained much that resembled their own history; and those parts that were like it pleased them best.

"Thus it is," said the little maiden in the tree, "some call me Old Nanny, others a Dryad, but, in reality, my name is Remembrance; tis I who sit in the tree that grows and grows! I can remember; I can tell things! Let me see if you have my flower still?"

And the old man opened his Prayer-Book. There lay the Elder-blossom, as fresh as if it had been placed there but a short time before; and Remembrance nodded, and the old people, decked with crowns of gold, sat in the flush of the evening sun. They closed their eyes, and—and—! Yes, thats the end of the story!

The little boy lay in his bed; he did not know if he had dreamed or not, or if he had been listening while someone told him the story. The tea-pot was standing on the table, but no Elder Tree was growing out of it! And the old man, who had been talking, was just on the point of going out at the door, and he did go.

"How splendid that was!" said the little boy. "Mother, I have been to warm countries."

"So I should think," said his mother. "When one has drunk two good cupfuls of Elder-flower tea, tis likely enough one goes into warm climates"; and she tucked him up nicely, least he should take cold. "You have had a good sleep while I have been sitting here, and arguing with him whether it was a story or a fairy tale."

"And where is old Nanny?" asked the little boy.

"In the tea-pot," said his mother; "and there she may remain."
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Sunday, March 15, 2015

Anatomy of the Brain Stem




External features

Anterior view

The anterior surface of medulla oblongata is grooved by an anteromedian fissure,on either side of which are the swellings due to the pyramidal tracts. These
pyramids, in turn, are separated from the olivary eminences by the anterolateral sulcus along which the rootlets of the 12th cranial nerve emerge.
Between the olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncle there is yet another groove corresponding to the posterolateral sulcus of the spinal cord; emerging from this groove are the rootlets of cranial nerves IX, X and XI

The pons lies between the medulla and the midbrain and is connected to the cerebellum by the middle cerebellar peduncles.
Its ventral surface presents a shallow median groove and numerous transverse ridges, which are continuous laterally with the middle cerebellar peduncle.
Its junction with the medulla is marked close to the ventral midline by the emergence of the 6th
7th and 8th cranial nerves nerves.
5th cranial nerves leave the lateral part of the pons near its upper border.

The anterior surface of the midbrain is formed by the cerebral peduncles (descending cerebral pathways).

The fibres of the 3rd nerves emerge between the two cerebral peduncles in the interpeduncular fossa.


Posterior view

The posteromedian sulcus of the spinal cord is continued half-way up the medulla, where it widens out to form the posterior part of the 4th ventricle.
On either side of the fissure the posterior columns of the spinal cord expand to form two distinct tubercles, the gracile and cuneate nuclei
The dorsal surface of the pons forms the upper part of the floor of the 4th ventricle
The dorsal surface of the midbrain presents corpora quadrigeminia,including two inferior,and two superior colliculi .
The corpora quadrigemina are reflex centers involving vision and hearing





Internal structure
Cranial nerve nuclei
Non-cranial nerve nuclei
Ascending and descending pathways
Reticular formation


Cranial nerve nuclei are referred to those nuclei located in the brain stem, where the cranial nerves originate or terminate except the olfactory and optic nerve


Non-cranial nerve nuclei are referred to those nuclei which are not linked directly to any cranial nerves functionally or structurally


Ascending pathways include 1) pathways originate in the spinal cord and pass
the brain stem to higher region of the brain; 2) pathways originate in the brain
stem to higher region of the brain

Descending pathways originate in the same motor area of the cortex, but terminate in 1) spinal cord and 2) brain stem

Reticular formation is recognized as an extensive field of intermingled grey and white matter outside the fiber bundles and nuclei of the brain stem



Long ascending pathways

Passing fibrous bundles which originate in the spinal cord:

1) Medial lemniscus: fibrous bundle formed by relayed fibers from fasciculi gracilis,
cuneatus. The fibers relay in gracile and cuneate nuclei, and decussate with fibers of opposite side, finally end in the ventral posteriomedial nucleus of thalamus


2) Spinothalamic lemniscus: composed of anterior and posterior spinothalamic tracts, and terminate in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus



Long ascending pathways


Fibrous bundles originated in the brain stem:

1) Trigeminal lemniscus: formed by fibers from contralateral spinal and pontine nuclei of trigeminal n. It conducts the tactile, pressure, pain and thermal impulses to the ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus


2) Lateral lemniscus: formed by the fibers from the ipsilateral and controlateral cochlear nuclei; some of fibers end in the inferior colliculus, others traverse the brachium of inferior colliculus to the nucleus of medial geniculate body



Long descending pathways

Pyramidal tract : descending fiber bundles originated in motor cortex to lower motor neurons in brain stem and spinal cord, It includes 1) corticospinal tract and 2) corticonuclear tract





The cerebellum

The cerebellum is the integrative organ for the coordination and fine-tuning of movement and for the regulation of muscle tone.
it is situated in the post cr fossa behind the pons & medulla.

EXTERNAL FEATURES

The cerebellum consists of two cerebellar hemispheres that are united to each other by the median vermis.

it has 2 surfaces sup & inf.

The sup surface is convex. The two hemispheres are continued each other on this surface.

The inf surface shows a deep median notch called the vallecula which separates the rt & lft hemispheres.



Internal structure

It consists of a cortex of grey matter (in which all the afferent fibres terminate) covering a mass of white matter, in which deep nuclei of grey matter are buried.
The cerebellar cortex contains several maps of the skeletal muscles in the body
The topographic arrangement of these maps indicates that the vermis controls the axial and proximal musculature of the limbs, the intermediate part of the hemisphere controls distal musculature, and the lateral part of the hemisphere is involved in motor planning.




THE DIENCEPHALON

The diencephalon is a midline structure
which is largely embedded in the cerebrum, and therefore hidden from the surface view.

Its cavity is the 3rd ventricle the hypothalamic sulcus extending from the interventricular foramen to the cerebral aqueduct, divides each half of the diencephalon in to dorsal & ventral parts.
Further sub divisions are follows


A . Dorsal part of the diencephalon
Thalamus ( dorsal thalamus )
Metathalamus, including the med & lat geniculate bodies and
Epithalamus, including the pinial body & habenula
B . Ventral part of the diencephalon
Hypothalamus,
Subthalamus ( ventral thalamus )




THALAMUS

The thalamus serves as the major sensory
relay for the ascending tactile, visual,auditory,
and gustatory information that ultimately reaches
the cerebrum cortex.

HYPOTHALAMUS

The hypothalamus is composed of numerous
nuclei that have afferent and efferent connections
with widespread regions of the nervous system,
including the pituitary gland, the autonomic
system, and the limbic system .It takes part in the
control of many visceral & metabolic activities

META THALAMUS
It consists of medial & lateral geniculate bodies
Which are situated on either side of the midbrain, below the thalamus

Medial geniculate body

It is an oval elevation situated just below the pulvinar of the thalamus & lat to the sup colliculus
It represents the thalamic relay between the inferior colliculus (IC) and the auditory cortex (AC).

Lateral geniculate body

This is a small elevation situated anterolateral to the med geniculate body, below the thalamus.
It is the primary processing center for visual information received from the retina of the eye

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Tuesday, March 10, 2015

Top 10 Most Beautiful Ports in the World

Some ports are too busy but they are surely among the ports of the most progressive countries in the world. Some ports are uniquely beautiful due to their strategic location and systematic maintenance.

Here are the most beautiful ports from around the world.

1.) Port of Montreal – Canada

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Port of Montreal is not just beautiful; it is the world’s largest inland port too and the 2nd busiest port of Canada. This port is located in Montreal, Quebec on the St. Lawrence River. It is also the entry point to other major cities such as Toronto, Detroit and Cleveland and handles 26 million tonnes of cargo annually.

2.) Port of Kobe – Japan

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Another beautiful port is the Port of Kobe in Kobe, Osaka, Japan. This maritime port is located at a foothill of the range of Mount Rokko.

3.) Port of Barcelona – Spain

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The beautiful Port of Barcelona is one of the oldest ports in the world. Its name in Spanish is Puerto de Barcelona and has a 2000-year history. This port with great commercial importance to the country is Catalonia’s largest port and the 9th largest container port in Europe with a trade volume of 2.57 million TEUs in 2008.

4.) Port of Miami – USA

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The Port of Miami is the largest cruise ship port in the world and is the headquarters of many of the largest cruise companies in the world. This lucrative port is located in Biscayne Bayon Dodge Island in Miami, Florida, USA. The port is connected to Downtown Miami by Pot Boulevard, a bridge over the Intracoastal Waterway.



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As of 2011, the Port of Miami accounts for 176,000 jobs and has an annual economic impact in Miami of $18 billion. It is the 11th largest cargo container port in the United States. In 2010, a record 4.33 million passengers traveled through the Port of Miami. One in seven of all the world’s cruise passengers start from Miami

5.) Port of Vancouver – Canada

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Another beautiful port located in Canada is the Port of Vancouver. By metric tons of total cargo, it was named the largest port in Canada, the largest in the Pacific Northwest, and the largest port on the West Coast of North America with 76.5 million metric tons.

6.) Visakhapatnam Port – India

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Visakhapatnam Port is a beautiful port located in Andhra Pradesh, India. It is a major sea port on the south east coast of India. Beautiful virgin beaches can be found near this port.

7.) Port of Hamburg – Germany

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The Port of Hamburg is located on the Elbe River in Hamburg, Germany. It is named Germanys "Gateway to the World" and is the largest port in Germany. This port is the2nd busiest port in Europe in terms of cargo tonnage and 11th-largest worldwide.

8.) Port of Dover – United Kingdom

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The beautiful Port of Dover is located in Dover, England, UK. It is one of the largest passenger ports in Europe with 14 million travelers, 2.1 million Lorries, 2.8 million cars and motorcycles and 86,000 coaches passing through it each year. The port claims to be the worlds busiest passenger port.

9.) Port of Piraeus – Italy

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The Port of Piraeus is located in Piraeus, a city in the periphery of Attica, Greece. The port lies along the east coast of the Saronic Gulf.

10.) Port Of Hilo – USA

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The captivating Port of Hilo is a cargo port in Hilo Bay, Hilo, Hawaii. The city, where the port is situated, is the second-largest CDP in Hawaii and the largest settlement on the island of Hawaii.

See also
  • World’s Largest and Longest Water Vessels


  • First-Class and Unique Airports of the World


  • Unique and World Class Airports

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Monday, March 9, 2015

Types of Lightning and Beautiful Places in the World in Lightning Parade

Most People are not actually afraid of lightning. They just tend to be scared because of the quivering and shivering thunder.


Lightning are spectacular scenario when captured on camera but in reality lightning are dangerous, lightning kill.


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Lightning is a natural phenomenon that occurs anywhere else in the world. A leader of a bolt of lightning can travel at speeds of 220,000 km/h and can reach temperature approaching 30,000 °C, hot enough to fuse silica sand into glass channels known as fulgurites. There are approximately 16 million lightning storms in the world every year.

Atlanta, USA

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This is a magnificent view of lightning from Atlanta City in Georgia. Lightning bolts hitting Atlanta skyscrapers.

Delhi, India

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This awesome moment which was captured in camera showcases a lightning that strikes near India Gate, New Delhi. Delhi receives much of its rainfall during the monsoon season which lasts from July to September.

Galunggung, Indonesia

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This amazing photo shows a lightning that strikes during the eruption of the Galunggung, Volcano, Indonesia in 1982.

Lombok, Indonesia

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During volcanic eruptions, volcanic material thrust high into the atmosphere can trigger lightning Volcanic Lightning or Dirty Thunderstorm. The best example is the picture taken during the eruption of Mount Rinjani in Lombok, Indonesia in 1995.

Banska Bystrica, Slovakia

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This photo depicts a lightning striking Sucha Hora transmitter as seen from Banska Bystrica, Slovakia.

Athens, Greece

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The above photo that shows a double lightning is taken from a balcony during a storm in Glyfada-Athens, Greece.

Victoria, Australia

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This spectacular photo of lightning which was photographed in Victoria, Australia is an example of a cloud-to-cloud lightning. It was taken in November 2008.

Swift Creek, Australia

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This amusing photo of lightning is another example of a cloud-to-cloud lightning was photographed in Swifts Creek, Australia.

Louisville, USA

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This type of lightning is called Heat Lightning. It was photographed near Louisville, Kentucky.

Darwin, Australia

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A lightning strikes southwest of Darwin, NT, Australia.

Toronto, Canada

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This impressive photo of lightning was photographed in Toronto, Canada. This kind of lightning is called cloud-to-ground lightning.

Paris, France

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The photo shows a lightning striking the Eiffel Tower. It was taken in 1902. This is one of the earliest photographs of lightning in an urban setting.




The different types of naturally occurring lightning:

a.) Cloud-to-ground Lightning

-Bead Lightning
It is a type of cloud-to-ground lightning which is characterized by a bolt that breaks into dotted lines as it fades.

-Staccato Lightning
It is a cloud to ground lightning strike which is a short-duration stroke that appears as a single very bright flash and often has considerable branching.

-Ribbon Lightning
It is viewed as parallel streaks of light.

-Forked Lightning
It is a type of lightning in which visible branches are present.

b.) Cloud-to-cloud Lightning

-Sheet Lightning
It is an informally applied name to cloud-to-cloud lightning that exhibits a diffuse brightening of the surface of a cloud caused by the actual discharge path being hidden

-Heat Lightning
It is a common name for a lightning flash that appears to produce no thunder because it occurs too far away for the thunder to be heard.

c.) Ground-to-cloud Lightning

Ground-to-cloud lightning is a lightning discharge between the ground and a cumulonimbus cloud initiated by an upward-moving leader stroke.

d.) Upper-atmospheric Lightning

-Blue Jets
It is a cone-shaped burst that spring forth from the center of a thunderstorm.

-Elves Lightning
These are bursts of light shaped like a doughnut or saucer.

-Red Sprites
This is characterized as a dim, reddish-colored burst.

e.) Ball Lightning
Its appearance is like a fiery glowing ball which is usually in red, yellow, or orange which floats several feet above the ground.

f.) Triggered Lightning

-Dirty Thunderstorm
A Dirty Thunderstorm occurs when lightning is produced in a volcanic plume.

See also other spectacular phenomena 
  • 11 Historic Events That Created the World’s Largest Mushroom Clouds
  • Quick Facts About the Polar Auroras


Read more »